Wood staircase design ideas: professional advice on style, budget, safety + build

Our team of wooden stair design experts has created a comprehensive guide of wood staircase design ideas and tips to ensure your project is practical to build as well as stunning.

We provide stair designer software and training to stair builders in over 100 counties, both workshops and individuals designing their own staircase. We’ve leaned into this experience to answer the key questions that could make or break your best laid plans, here are just a few:

• What combination of shape and materials will work best within the project environment?
• How easy will the staircase be to build and then maintain for years to come?
• What are the budget implications of a curved vs straight design?
• Is an open stair safe for a family; what about carpets vs a wood treatment?
• How to add a unique take on a traditional design idea?

Whether you’re a professional looking for design inspiration, or planning your own stair and want to be well informed going into such a major undertaking, we hope this guide will help you create your perfect stairs.

Wooden stair design structural types

We are focusing on wooden staircase design; as popular as ever, wood is a wonderful material to work with. Valued for its natural beauty, versatility and workability, and used in both traditional and contemporary projects, from the grandest sweeping design to a loft access point!

Before we drill down into the details, first we need to determine the overall shape of the stairs.

Straight stairs

Straight stairs are simple, cost effective and easy to navigate. They are structurally efficient and easily allow for under-stair storage, more on that later.

Straight stairs do however require significant linear space, can lack visual interest and potentially pose safety risks without landings and turns.

For homes with limited space or where aesthetic appeal is a priority, alternative stair types might be more suitable.

Quarter turn or L shaped stairs

Quarter turn stairs, with their 90° turn, save space, add visual interest and improve safety if an intermediate landing is added. They work well for compact or corner layouts but are more complex and costly to build than straight stairs.

The turn can obstruct visibility and complicate moving large items. If a landing is not included at the turn, winders (triangular/wedge shaped stairs) are required, again we take a good look at the pros and cons of these later on.

Overall, quarter turn stairs present a stylish and practical choice for homes where space efficiency and design appeal are priorities.

Half turn or U shaped stairs

U shaped stairs, with a 180° turn and optionally a landing, are space-efficient and very safe due to their split flight design. They offer visual interest and are ideal for compact layouts or multi-level buildings.

The image above highlights a half turn stair with a landing, although winders can also be used at the turn or even a 3rd straight flight.

On the other hand, they are inherently more complex and expensive to construct, can obstruct visibility and may make moving large items difficult.

S shaped stairs

This design type is characterized by three flights with two 90° turns, alternatively it can incorporate a gentle curve. S shaped wooden stair designs are visually striking and used in modern or high-end projects. Their compact nature makes them suitable for corner layouts, and optional landings enhance safety.

Construction is intricate and impacts on costs, especially if curved.

Multi-flight stairs

These consist of multiple flights connected by landings, allowing for smooth transitions between levels in larger spaces. These landings offer enhanced safety, break up long climbs and make them easier to navigate.

They are highly functional and suitable for various architectural styles, offering flexibility in layout, design and a stylish solution for larger homes and buildings.

Multi-flights are however inherently complex, so careful consideration of space requirements and costs are essential.

Curved stairs

Curved stairs are visually striking and can serve as a stunning architectural feature, enhancing the overall aesthetic of a space. They offer a graceful transition between levels and create a sense of openness in a room.

Before opting for a curved wooden stair design it’s worth emphasising that construction is complex and invariably more expensive than like-for-like straight stairs.

Precise calculations, engineering and craftsmanship is required; modern techniques include the use of state-of-the-art 5 axis CNC machines; traditional methods, just manufacturing the handrails for example, can be incredibly time consuming.

Complexity and costs rise depending on the number of curved elements, from handrails to risers to stringboards. Steps will be shaped and the risers may be bowed.

This style can also pose challenges for accessibility, making it less suitable for individuals with mobility issues.

Princess stairs

A princess stair, characterized by its sweeping curves and ornate details, exudes elegance and sophistication. This type of staircase typically features wider steps and intricate railings, creating a grand focal point in a home.

Clearly not a low budget concept, the aesthetic appeal and dramatic transition between levels makes it a popular choice for luxury interiors.

Spiral stairs

Often chosen as a space-saving solution, ideal for small homes, tight communal spaces and lofts. They are also considered in their own right to create a striking focal point.

Construction may require careful engineering with accompanying costs and of all the wooden stair ideas we’ve looked at so far, they can pose a serious challenge for accessibility and comfort. The steps are often narrower, especially close to the turn.

T shaped or split stairs

T shaped or split stairs are another statement design option, and promote traffic flow between levels, not an issue in the home but in public buildings this might be important.

The intermediate and upper landing areas are available to provide additional functional space.

T shaped stairs are inherently complex and costly and require more overall area.

Out of the ordinary

One-off even futuristic wooden stair designs push the boundaries of traditional staircases, incorporating innovative materials, unconventional shapes, and cutting-edge technology. This helicoidal project perfectly reflects the concept.

These designs often feature sleek or complex geometries, and may include transparent elements like glass or acrylic, and dynamic forms that create visual intrigue.

Many modern staircases integrate smart technology, such as LED lighting and motion sensors, enhancing both functionality and safety. These designs not only serve as functional access points but also as stunning focal points that elevate the overall ambience of a space, reflecting contemporary trends in architecture and interior design.

Core components of your wooden stair design

We’ve looked at the overall structural design of wooden stairs; let’s go a little deeper now and cover the key design components that are common to almost all wooden staircases.

This simple StairDesigner model highlights the part names we’ll be referring to.

Closed vs open stairs

This design choice relates to the stair risers and comes with big implications. Risers are the vertical panels joining each tread (step) of the staircase, highlighted in green above.

If the design includes risers, the space behind the staircase is normally hidden, either completely inaccessible or used for storage. This is a closed stair.

Alternatively, a stair without risers is said to be open, the space behind the staircase is open too, a visible accessible part of the room layout.

Why you might opt for closed stairs

• Maximize storage: the enclosed space is ideal for built-in storage, such as closets, cabinets, or utility areas
• Aesthetic cohesion: offer a more streamlined and finished look, which can enhance the overall design of a home
• Increased safety: prevent items from falling through the stair; children, pets and other less precious items!

The benefits of open stairs

• Functional space: the open area beneath the stairs can be used for various purposes, such as a cozy reading nook, a small home office or a play area
• Visual openness: enhance the sense of space in a room, allowing light to flow freely and creating an airy atmosphere
• Design flexibility: decorate the space with plants or artwork to enhance the overall aesthetic of the home

As well as personal preferences, the choice comes down to priorities. Is storage and safety more important than the need to open up access or provide for more light.

Stringboards

Stringboards, or stair strings, are the structural components of a staircase that run along its sides and support the treads and risers, transferring the weight to the staircase framework or supporting walls.

They are essential to the design and stability of a staircase and come in different styles depending on the intended aesthetics and construction methods.

Closed strings (housed strings)

The treads and risers are housed in grooves in the stringboard, so their edges are concealed.

• Provides a clean appearance that can be both elegant and classical or sleek and modern
• Offers better soundproofing as it encloses the staircase sides
• Can appear bulky in small spaces
• Requires precise routing of the grooves that house the treads and risers
• Attention required to ensure gaps don’t appear as the wood changes in size over time

Open strings (cut strings)

The upper edge of the string is cut or shaped to match the profile of the treads and risers. Treads and risers are visible from the side.

• Adds a further decorative element to the design
• Highlights the craftsmanship of the treads and risers
• Offers more visual openness
• Requires precision cutting, which can increase construction time and cost
• Harder to conceal imperfections in treads and risers
• Less soundproofing compared to closed strings

Central cut strings

Strings are positioned at the centre of the staircase, below the treads. They are typically cut to fit the profile of the treads and risers.

• Provide excellent structural support for wider or freestanding staircases
• Enhance openness while maintaining a traditional cut string aesthetic
• Require additional precision to align centrally
• May involve custom cutting with associated costs
• Not suitable for all staircase configurations, especially narrow ones

Here are two approaches for enhancing the weight-bearing capacity of a central cut string design:

1. At the turn, extend the central string to the wall (shown below)
2. Support the staircase with a post extended down from an intermediate landing

Boxed string

A metallic boxed stringer is a structural element often used in wood staircase design to provide good support and stability while achieving a sleek, modern aesthetic.

A boxed stringer is typically steel or aluminium, and is enclosed or “boxed” to form a hollow rectangular or square cross-section.

• Boxed shape offers excellent load-bearing capacity and high torsional rigidity (it resists twisting under load)
• If used outdoors, resistant to environmental factors like corrosion if properly treated or made from stainless steel; corrosion-resistant finishes include powder coating and galvanisation
• Design flexibility: can be used in straight, spiral, or helical staircases
• Resistant to warping cracking, and other issues common with wood stringers
• Relatively easy to incorporate additional features like metal or glass balustrades and lighting
• Requires precision fabrication and alignment to ensure structural integrity
• Often custom-made to suit the staircase design and site-specific requirements
• Frequently used in public spaces (offices, malls and hotels) and residential settings where modern or industrial aesthetics are desired

Straight vs curved strings

The overall stair type will inform the choice here. Let’s take a look at what you’re committing to in terms of design and build implications.

Why choose straight stringers?

• Ease of Construction: the simpler design makes them easier and faster to fabricate and install, with less specialized expertise or machinery
• Cost effective: lower fabrication, installation and maintenance costs; materials are used more efficiently with minimal waste
• Versatility: fits into most architectural styles and building layouts
• Structural simplicity: provides a direct load path, making structural calculations straightforward; requires fewer anchor points and simpler support mechanisms
• Modular options: easier to incorporate prefabricated components like balustrades and treads

The positives of curved stringer design

• Aesthetic appeal: adds a sophisticated, luxurious, and visually striking element to any space; enhances the flow of a staircase, complementing organic or modern architectural styles
• Optimised use of space: can fit into non-linear or irregular spaces, such as around walls or within circular layouts and with mezzanines
• Custom design potential: allows for highly customised and artistic staircases
• Ergonomics: often perceived as more comfortable to use due to the natural flow of the curve

More stringboard design and construction considerations

As well as the choice between closed and cut strings, straight and curved, it’s worth stressing again the central importance of stringboards in staircase design, offering both structural support and aesthetic value.

Here are some final key points to bear in mind:

• Material: a wooden stair can be combined with a steel or aluminium string, great for load bearing and for a modern design; concrete is robust and ideal for outdoor or industrial applications
• Thickness: strings must be thick enough to bear the load and resist bending or warping
• Precision: with cut strings, precise cutting ensures a snug fit for treads and risers; with housed strings, grooves must align perfectly to avoid gaps
• Code compliance: dimensions, spacing and load-bearing capacity must meet local building regulations

Steps and risers

Steps are the horizontal parts of a staircase where users place their feet, consisting of a flat tread and sometimes a nosing (front overhanging edge). They determine the staircase’s comfort, safety, and usability. They must meet specific dimensions for safety and functionality.

Risers are the vertical panels between steps, connecting one tread to the next. They can be closed (solid) for a traditional look or open for a modern, airy design. Closed risers add structural strength, while their material and finish contribute significantly to the staircase’s aesthetics. We covered this in more detail when looking at closed vs open stairs above.

These pointers will help you choose the best configuration for your project:

Safety

• Steps should have a uniform tread depth to reduce the risk of tripping
• Consider non-slip finishes and materials (grooved timber, rubber inserts)
• The nosing/overhang should not be excessive to avoid catching toes
• Closed risers prevent gaps between steps, reducing the risk of falls or items slipping through
• Open risers (no vertical panel) are less safe for children but can meet safety codes if gaps are minimised (usually less than 100mm)

Ease of build

• Straight steps are simpler to cut and install compared to curved or custom-shaped ones
• Pre-cut treads can speed up the build process
• Closed risers require precise fitting but are relatively easy to attach
• Open risers are quicker to install but the staircase may need additional reinforcement to meet safety standards

Structural Integrity

• Steps must be thick enough (typically 25-32mm) to avoid flexing or sagging under load
• Securely fixing the treads to the stringers is critical to prevent creaks or movement
• Closed risers improve staircase stiffness and reduce flexing in long spans
• Open risers may require thicker treads or additional bracing to maintain strength

Curved steps and bowed risers

These add a touch of sophistication and visual interest, particularly on the bottom step or landing. They work well in traditional and grand staircase designs.

Bowed risers should be reinforced to prevent deformation over time, especially when using flexible materials like thin wood. They also require precise bending and templating, making them fairly labor intensive and more costly.

Fixing steps and risers to closed stringers

Grooves are created in the closed stringboard to house the edge of the steps and risers, when slotted in their edges are hidden.

The image below shows a simple stringboard from a StairDesinger quarter turn model, the housings for the steps and risers are shown in blue.

Fixing options vary and include:

Steps

• Screw or bolt through the stringer into the tread
• Use glue in addition to mechanical fasteners for extra security
• For hidden fixings, insert screws near the edge on the step underside angled into the stringboard or use dowels or brackets

Risers

• Attach risers to the back edge of the lower step and groove into the underside of the upper step
• Use screws or nails supplemented with adhesive to prevent creaking

Stop cracks and joints appearing

A horrible surprise…cracks and gaps appearing between the parts of your beautiful new stair.

To avoid this:

• Use high-quality, well-seasoned materials to reduce shrinkage and warping
• Apply adhesive in addition to screws or nails for better load distribution
• Seal joints with flexible filler to absorb minor movement
• For wooden treads and risers, finish all sides (including hidden edges) to prevent moisture changes from causing movement

Landings

We all know what a landing is. Specifically its purpose is to provide a resting point (so important in larger staircases) or to facilitate a turn. Landings can also be used to place furniture and decorative items.

Landing shapes include rectangular, square, L shaped and even custom geometries to fit specific architectural needs.

To add a little bit of terminology:

• Intermediate landings: positioned between flights of stairs, typically used to change direction or as a midpoint in long staircases
• Start landings: a flat platform at the base of the staircase, used to allow multiple entry points or to provide a more spacious starting area
• Rest landings: specifically for this purpose on long staircases, usually commercial ones

Resist anything too complicated, we’ve seen landings with unusually angled shapes and edges. They may look good but tend to be unsafe.

Winders

The use of winders is another decision that can be overlooked but has a major impact on stair functionality and appearance. They are an alternative to a landing for managing a turn in the staircase.

Winders are triangular or wedge-shaped steps. They can be used only at the turn/corner or spread more evenly across more or even all steps.

Winders just around the turn

A small number of winding steps are used only at the corner to make the turn.

This option is effective in creating a sharp turn for tight spaces and requires fewer winders and so is easier and cheaper to build. On the downside, uneven tread widths can feel awkward and impact on safety.

Gradual turn

Here, the stair is made up entirely or almost entirely of wedge-shaped steps, the gradual transition creating a much smoother curve around the turn.

The big plus is the constant tread width on the walking line, making for a safer, more comfortable stair.

This design style is however more complex and costly, most or all steps are different shapes, the joints between steps and risers and the stringboards are more complicated too.

Newel posts

Newel posts play a crucial role in both the structural integrity and visual appeal of a staircase. A single end newel post chosen well can on its own act as the focal point of the stair, especially if the rest of the design is simple. It is after all the first element you meet as you ascend or descend.

There is a lot of scope for artistic expression, whether opting for round, square, turned, twisted or intricately carved.

Some extra construction options include:

• Extension to floor: an intermediate newel post (part way up the stair) extends from the staircase directly to the floor, providing structural stability; seen in both traditional and modern staircases
• Extension to ceiling: less common, this option allows the newel post to extend upward to connect with a ceiling or beam; this style adds a dramatic architectural element and can enhance stability in large or open spaces

Handrails and spindles

We’ve done our best to focus on practical tips for your stair projects, and this design might be beyond some budgets. It does however highlight once again how a single element of any stair can utterly transform it.

That’s absolutely the case for the final key component of most staircases, the banisters. These comprise the handrails and spindles, the latter are often vertical but can take any form you could imagine. Spindles are also called balustrades.

Banisters are a major safety element, both to reduce the risk of a fall and to aid in climbing the stair, so strict stair building regulations apply in many localities. Whilst an open minimalist stair with no banister can look amazing, many people young and old will struggle; a stair could be with you for life.

You may opt for simple handrails and spindles with a square or circular profile for a clean and contemporary look. Or complement your wood stair with the sleek look of metal or the modern transparency of glass.

Turned banisters feature decorative curves and shapes for traditional elegance, whereas a unique design can be perfectly tailored to specific architectural styles and preferences.

Not surprisingly, curved handrails are harder to make both to ensure accuracy and to manufacture. Wreathed handrails are an art form in themselves, traditional production techniques for these are incredibly time consuming but the results are unique and a joy to experience in your home.

From decadent to entirely practical

Additional wooden stair design concepts to inform your project.

Classic luxury staircases

This stair design style features a dramatic curve with an emphasis on refinement and opulence.

Notable design features include:

Handrail design

• Polished wood, with a darker finish that complements the lighter tones of the staircase and room
• It gracefully follows the curve of the staircase, creating a seamless and continuous flow
• Smooth transition as it wraps around the newel post, emphasizing elegance and craftsmanship

Newel posts

• Serves as a bold anchor at the base of the staircase
• Intricate detailing and a polished finish matching the handrail
• The curved handrail integrates perfectly into the post, providing visual cohesion

Spindle design

• Slender and metallic with ornate detailing, adding sophistication and contrast to the wooden handrail
• Evenly spaced to reinforce the classic, luxurious aesthetic of the staircase

Overall aesthetic

• Perfect balance of traditional and contemporary elements; the rich wood tone of the handrail adds warmth, while the metal spindles and marble-like flooring provide modern elegance

Traditional classic stairs with a flared entrance

This staircase features a flared entrance at the base, a design element that enhances its elegance and grandeur.

Here’s a short description of what this particular example showcases:

• Flared entrance design: the bottom steps gently widen outward, creating a welcoming and dramatic entry point to the staircase
• This flared entrance adds visual interest and amplifies the sense of luxury, blending beautifully with the warm wood flooring and classic white balusters (spindles)
• The curved handrail follows the flared steps seamlessly, maintaining the flow and harmony of the design
• Emphasis on openness and sophistication, making the staircase a focal point of the room

Floating staircases

Known as a floating staircase or a cantilevered staircase due to the way the treads appear to extend from the wall with no visible structural support. The thin vertical rods serve a dual purpose, offering lateral stability and visual intrigue.

This modern wood stair idea is perfect for spaces that prioritize minimalism, openness and contemporary architecture while still maintaining structural integrity and safety.

• The steps appear to “float” without visible structural support beneath them
• The treads are likely cantilevered from a hidden structural wall or beam
• Support structures made up of thin vertical rods, likely metal, running from the ceiling to the steps
• These rods act as both a safety feature and an architectural element
• Open risers further contribute to the minimalist appearance
• The design complements a modern and light-filled interior, with a focus on clean lines and natural materials

Wooden stair designs for small spaces

Also known as alternating tread staircases and specifically designed for compact spaces where a traditional staircase would take up too much room.

Ideal for restricted or narrow areas, providing a steep yet navigable solution.

• The treads alternate in their stepping position, allowing for a steeper incline while still maintaining functionality
• Each tread is designed to accommodate one foot at a time, either left or right, as you ascend or descend
• Ideally find space for at least one handrail to provide support and safety while maintaining the minimalist design
• Maximises vertical space in areas where a standard staircase would not fit, such as lofts, attics and narrow rooms
• Does not include risers, which adds to the open and lightweight appearance

Fold-up stairs are another space-saver but with a foldable design.

This example features interlocking wooden panels that can be tucked away when not in use, effectively blending with the wall. The panels have geometric cutouts, adding an aesthetic appeal while reducing weight.

The structure is mounted on a sliding mechanism, enabling the folding and unfolding process. Ideal for very tight spaces.

Stairs combined with furniture

This is a final space-saving solution that integrates storage features, such as drawers, cabinets and shelves, even seating or an office space, into the structure of the stairs.

We’ve pulled together some great multifunctional designs below.

Inspiration from around the world

Although the basic principles of wooden staircase design are universal, stairs are not just functional but also expressions of a country’s culture and way of life.

Significant differences exist across countries, shaped by cultural influences, space limitations and architectural traditions.

United States

Stairs in the U.S. vary widely but often prioritise comfort and spaciousness. Suburban homes feature wide, straight flights, while luxury homes may include grand curved staircases.

United Kingdom

Stairs in the UK are often compact and practical, designed to fit smaller homes. Traditional materials like wood with carpet and runners are common, reflecting a classic British style.

France

French staircases are known for their elegance and charm. Designs like sweeping or spiral staircases are popular, wooden stair design often includes materials like stone and wrought iron to highlight their architectural beauty.

Japan

In Japan, stairs are minimalist and space-efficient, suited to smaller homes. Natural wood is the preferred material, complementing the clean and simple aesthetic of Japanese interiors.

Chinoiserie (Chinese inspired)

Also called Chinese Chippendale, Chinoiserie is not Asian in origin, it is a European concept based on a romanticized perception of what Chinese design was. It extends into wooden stair designs, for example the wooden panelling in this European design.

Before we move on, we must mention an important global phenomenon that originated in China, the cultural principles of Feng Shui which focus on harmony and balance. These are applied widely across many fields of design, not least stairs.

The flow of energy Qi into and around the home is a core pillar of Feng Shui. One example…a stair close to and facing the front entrance is said to limit the correct flow of energy. Remedies include placing a round table in the foyer or a console table against the wall with a mirror above.

Choice of material in wooden stair design

Wood is chosen for its durability and ease of manufacture. However, let’s not forget how wonderful this natural material looks.

Traditional materials like solid wood (oak, pine, maple and cherry) remain as popular as ever and in their own way all are stunning.

Innovative new materials include bamboo, not strictly a wood but we’ll sneak it in here as it’s very eco-friendly.

Other materials can be combined with wood.

Metal is chosen for its durability and strength, it can also be shaped into intricate designs. Stainless steel and aluminum provide a modern aesthetic.

Alternatively take a look at these traditional wrought iron banisters with a wreathed wooden handrail. This French renovation project was undertaken by a member of our technical team.

Tempered glass, often used as panels in place of wooden bannisters, allows light to pass through and creates an open contemporary feel.

These extra pointers should help inform your choice:

Material specification

• Minimum thicknesses: ensuring proper thickness is crucial for safety and longevity; wooden treads typically need a minimum thickness of 25-30 mm, depending on the span and load
• Dimensional stability: account for potential shrinking, warping, or expansion, especially in environments with fluctuating humidity; engineered materials like plywood or MDF can offer better stability than solid wood in such conditions

Cost considerations

• Affordable options include softwoods like pine, and plywood balustrades and MDF components that still maintain a polished appearance when finished properly
• Premium choices include solid hardwoods and the addition of bespoke manufactured materials like glass or metal
• Composite materials made from synthetic materials designed to mimic the look of wood; also low maintenance and moisture-resistant

Sustainability

• Opt for certified sources: materials certified by organizations like FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) or PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) to ensure responsible forestry practices
• Avoid endangered or overexploited species; bamboo is an excellent eco-friendly alternative to wood due to its rapid growth and renewability

Wood treatments: the finishing touch

Often overlooked, wood treatments don’t just look after your stair for the long haul, they bring out the grain and beauty of the material or can be used to enhance or even change the color.

What’s best: varnish, oil or wax?

Varnish

Clear or tinted varnishes are available, so you have a choice between promoting the natural color of the wood or applying a new color. Often 2-3 coats are recommended initially. Varnish will fade over time so reapplication will eventually be necessary.

High gloss varnish offers a striking, reflective finish but comes with some drawbacks. It highlights imperfections like scratches, scuffs, and surface flaws, making maintenance more demanding.

The glossy surface tends to show dust, dirt and fingerprints easily, requiring frequent cleaning. It can also create a slippery surface, posing a safety risk on stairs or in high-traffic areas.

Additionally, its reflective nature can cause glare in well-lit spaces, and some find the artificial shine detracts from the wood’s natural beauty. Achieving a flawless application is challenging, and refinishing or touch-ups are labor intensive. While durable, high gloss varnish is best suited to low-traffic or decorative spaces where its aesthetic appeal outweighs the practical challenges.

A matte finish provides a subtle, natural look that minimises glare and highlights the wood’s texture, but it has drawbacks too. While it effectively hides imperfections, it is less durable than glossier finishes and may show wear and stains more quickly in high-traffic areas.

Cleaning can be more challenging, as smudges and grease may be harder to remove without leaving marks. Additionally, a matte finish can sometimes appear dull or flat, which might not suit all design styles. Despite these limitations, it is an excellent choice for achieving a soft, understated aesthetic, particularly in low-traffic or rustic settings.

The middle ground is a satin finish that offers a balanced look with a slight sheen, combining the warmth of a matte finish with the durability of a gloss. Minor imperfections are hidden while still being easier to clean than matte. Largely durable but may develop a slightly worn appearance in high-traffic areas, and require occasional maintenance.

White wash

Before we move on, let’s consider the white wash option. In this example, simply add to the oak then wipe off. The wood appears lighter. This method is sometimes used following varnishing which darkens wood, so it is brought back to its normal appearance.

Alternatively, it can be used to simply create a washed out white effect.

Oil

Oil brings out the natural appearance of the wood and protects it at the same time.

Available in gloss, satin and matte, oil is typically fast drying making application that little bit easier. But you will need to regularly reapply to look after the wood.

Hard wax

Hard wax is a popular finish for wooden stairs that enhances the natural beauty while providing a protective layer. It penetrates the wood’s surface to bring out the grain and offers a smooth, matte to satin finish.

Hard wax is durable, resistant to water and stains, and easy to maintain, as small scratches or wear can be repaired locally without refinishing the entire surface.

However, it requires regular upkeep, particularly in high-traffic areas, and may not provide the same level of protection as varnish. It is an excellent choice for those seeking a natural, warm aesthetic with moderate durability.

Rubio Monocoat (actually a blend of wax and oils) is ideal for those seeking a sustainable, low-maintenance finish with a natural, elegant look.

One splash of paint, an explosion of creativity

Now for some fun! Whilst we absolutely advocate enjoying the natural beauty of wood with its infinite variety, paint is an amazing solution for pepping up cheaper wood, for renovation work, and to lean into a world of design possibilities.

We’ve picked the following stair to highlight how a simple interior design theme can be super effective. The black stair mirrors the framed painting, radiator and vase, the yellow a perfect complementary color.

There are endless color palettes to choose from.

Spot the faux stair runner in the welly boot photo below.

Credits from top left: Elle Decor, Crown Paints, Clever, @annalysejacobs, @allendesignsstudio, Pufik

A simple white staircase against a bold colored interior is definitely one of our favourites.

Or the opposite, an understated interior with a statement stair, the contrast works just as well.

And not to forget, a very simple idea for painting wooden stairs…everything brilliant white. Almost impossible to go wrong.

A final word before we move on. Over time, even the best stair paints will chip and wear, especially in high-traffic areas, so be ready for a spot of maintenance.

And achieving a smooth finish involves significant preparation, including sanding and priming. If you’re going for a rough renovation look this isn’t such a worry of course.

Carpets, runners and tiles

More glorious ways to complete both old and new stair design projects.

Go for full carpeting or a narrow runner for a little added comfort and a lot of style.

• Carpeting is great for noise reduction and safety, and there’s far less chance of slipping providing it’s installed well
• It also softens steps, provides insulation and is available in a huge variety of patterns and materials at every budget level
• Does require regular maintenance and will wear out faster than wood

Adding tiles to the risers, or even steps and risers, is another great option. If you’re adding to the steps they must be anti-slip.

Providing you buy a few extra – always buy a few extra! – they are easy to replace if damaged.

And if you’re looking for a cheap alternative to tiles, consider stencils.

The transformative effects of staircase lighting

The application of lighting in staircase design serves both functional and aesthetic purposes, enhancing safety and done well, adding enormously to the visual appeal.

Let’s take a look at more subtle design ideas first, with multiple light sources directing light locally and often at their best in low light conditions.

• Step and tread lighting: small LED lights or strips installed directly into the risers and treads, providing focused illumination and enhanced safety, particularly in low-light conditions
• Under-tread: placed underneath the overhang of each tread, creating a soft, modern glow and avoiding direct glare
• Wall-recessed lights: casting light across the steps, space-efficient and stylish, great for narrow staircases
• Handrail lighting: integrated into or along the underside of the handrail, providing both guidance and a sleek look
• Side strip lighting: along the base of a stair to highlight its outline, or embedded in the wall for more dramatic effect

Alternatively go for the wow factor, using not just the lighting effect but the lights themselves as statement design elements.

Pendant and chandelier lighting is ideal, typically hanging centrally above the staircase and often down through the levels of the house or building. The stair below is all about the pendant, likely one of the highlights of the interior design.

By thoughtfully applying lighting, stairs become not just a functional feature but a stunning design element within any space.

Before you get started, a few things to watch out for…

• Multiple LED lights often require precise installation to avoid uneven lighting
• Installation may require significant wall modification and wiring
• If smaller lights are your main source of illumination, they may not be sufficient for a well lit stairwell
• Always include the option to light your stair fully, and shadow-free for clear step visibility and safety
• Consider whether hard to access fixtures will accumulate dust
• Match lighting fixtures and styles to the staircase’s material and architecture
• Always use LED lighting for low energy consumption
• Consider motion sensors or smart controls for convenience and energy savings

Let’s take a look now at some final tips and advice, especially if you’re planning to design and build or even remodel your own stairs.

Affordable stair ideas

When designing or purchasing wooden stairs on a budget, you’re faced with balancing cost with functionality and aesthetics.

Here are some key considerations:

• Material selection significantly impacts cost; opt for untreated pine, plywood and MDF
• Paint or treat to cover cheaper materials and imperfections, and to prolong the stair’s lifespan, a huge but hidden cost saving in itself
• Simplify the design with straight components, curved stair building can get super expensive
• Prefabricated kits are very cost effective, make transport easy and reduce manufacturing costs
• Finishing the stairs to suit the surrounding decor adds value without inflating costs

Something else to balance, your effort versus the likely savings. Even kit stairs require assembly. Underestimating difficulties and time required with assembly, even calling in pro help at the last minute, can easily offset the hoped for cost savings.

Wooden stair renovation

Stair renovation techniques vary hugely depending on the condition of the staircase, the style you’re aiming to achieve, and of course budget.

Yes, this is a remodelled stair, it’s not brand new. What a gorgeous project by Hyland Homes…

Here are some of the most common methods of renovating stairs.

Refinishing

Sanding down the treads, risers and handrails to remove old finishes, followed by application of new stain, paint or varnish.

• Great for stairs with a solid structure but a worn and outdated finish
• Cost effective and retains the original material, such as a quality hardwood
• Time intensive, especially for detailed or intricate designs

Tread and riser cladding

Installing new treads and risers over the existing staircase using materials like wood, laminate or engineered panels.

• A good way to upgrade the look without replacing the entire staircase
• Quick transformation with minimal structural work; customisable with various materials and finishes
• One drawback is this adds thickness to the steps, which can affect step height consistency

Painting

We’ve looked at some great paint options already, it’s an incredibly cost effective way to transform an old staircase. Paint treads, risers, spindles and handrails with durable wood paint for a complete refresh.

Done well, an old staircase can be made to look as good as new. Or go for a distressed style (see above) and leave some of the knocks and rough edges showing through.

Carpet and runner installation

Another cover up job! But a very effective one. We’ve mentioned tiles before too, all great ways to renovate a stair, and at a low cost if required. Here’s a lovely remodelled stair done on a modest budget.

Stair installation basics

Whether you’re designing and building your own stair, or outsourcing this work, the installation phase is all important and varies depending on the design, materials and the project’s logistical requirements.

The key consideration we want to cover is whether the staircase will be pre-assembled in a workshop or constructed and installed on-site.

Workshop installation

The staircase is assembled in a controlled environment before transporting the completed structure to the site. Assembly is done under optimal conditions and ensures precision and high-quality craftsmanship.

However, it does require careful planning to ensure the staircase fits perfectly. Pre-assembled staircases can also be challenging to transport and maneuver, particularly in tight or complex layouts.

On-site installation

By contrast, this allows for greater flexibility and adaptability, particularly when dealing with uneven floors, walls and non-standard dimensions.

Building the staircase directly in its final location helps avoid measurement errors and allows adjustments to be made as needed.

However, on-site assembly can be time consuming and more reliant on the skill of the installer, making it less predictable in terms of quality and finish compared to workshop installation.

Wedging

Adding wedging is a commonly used method during on-site stair installation, especially for traditional wooden staircases.

Small wooden blocks are used to secure the treads and risers into the stringers, ensuring a tight and durable fit. Wedges are versatile, allowing for slight adjustments during installation, which is useful for uneven surfaces.

However, their reliance on precise fitting and securing makes them less ideal for inexperienced installers, and they can introduce weak points if not properly executed.

In the image above, the step housing in the stringer is wedge shaped. This allows you to slide in the step and below it the wedge to hold it firmly in place.

The 2 wall problem

Installing stairs between two walls poses unique challenges, as the space leaves little room for error. Precise measurements are critical, and considerations like stringer alignment, tread clearance and expansion gaps must be meticulously planned.

Adjustable stringers or site-specific solutions, such as using brackets or bespoke components, can simplify the process. Wedging can work well too if the underside of the stair remains hidden.

Help with your wooden stair design

StairDesigner software is a design to manufacturing solution created for the professional market. We also offer an affordable service to access StairDesigner for a single project, perfect for amateur use.

Professional workshops

Our technical team is available if you would like to arrange a demonstration of the software, contact us here to set that up.

You can also download and test StairDesigner here.

Support for your own project

Use the free version of StairDesigner (all design features available) to create your stair project. When you’re ready, we’ll send you the manufacturing documents you need to make it.

Plus our experts will be available to help you with your design and build!

For more details, please check out our StairFile service.

We hope you’ve found inspiration and a little bit of practical advice for your next project, thank you so much for reading.